The sun appears to move in a specific circle, if observed from the Earth. This circle is called the Ecliptic. This circle has been divided into 12 equal angular parts, forming 12 signs of the Zodiac. When the Sun enters Nirayana Makar sign, the day is called Makar Samkranti in India. This day is assumed to mark the beginning of Uttarayana. Accoding to the Manusmriti chapter one, verse 67, Uttarayana is considered as the day of Gods and thus the beginning of that day being Brahmamuhurta (auspicious time at the beginning of any day) for Gods, the day of Makar Samkranti is considered very auspicious. But does Makar Samkranti really mark the beginning of Uttarayana?
From the Earth, the Sun appears to rise in the East, but it rises exactly at the East only on two days of the year. On other days, it appears to rise either towards the South or the North of the East. The period of the year, when the point where Sun appears to rise on the horizon moves towards the is called Uttarayana (Uttara meaning the North). The period when the same appears to move towards South is called Dakshinayana (Dakshina meaning the South).
If we observe the rising Sun everyday, we will see that the point on the horizon where the Sun appears to rise moves towards the South between 22nd June to 21st December. The same appears to move towards the North during the other half of the year. One can confirm these observations with high accuration using a software like Stellarium. It's very much evident from these observations that Dakshinayan ends on 21st or 22nd December and Uttarayana starts on the same day. Uttarayana does not start on the day when the Sun enters Nirayana Makar sign i.e. Makar Samkranti
The question is when should we observe the festival? The celebrations on this day includes consumption of sweets made of sesame and jaggery, wearing dark (preferably black) colored clothes, offering the nascent crops of carrots, berries to Gods. All these things are related to the Winter. Hence this festival should be celebrated in the middle of the Winter i.e. on the day of Winter Solstice i.e. 21st or 22nd December. Truly speaking, this festival is related to Uttarayana and better be observed when Uttarayana starts.
Well, even today Makar Samkranti falls during the Winter, but after a thousand years, it will fall in the heat of summer. Consuming jaggery and sesame and wearing dark clothes in the summer would have disastrous effects on our health and we wouldn't have nascent carrots and berries to offer to the Gods, in the heat of the summer.
From the Earth, the Sun appears to rise in the East, but it rises exactly at the East only on two days of the year. On other days, it appears to rise either towards the South or the North of the East. The period of the year, when the point where Sun appears to rise on the horizon moves towards the is called Uttarayana (Uttara meaning the North). The period when the same appears to move towards South is called Dakshinayana (Dakshina meaning the South).
If we observe the rising Sun everyday, we will see that the point on the horizon where the Sun appears to rise moves towards the South between 22nd June to 21st December. The same appears to move towards the North during the other half of the year. One can confirm these observations with high accuration using a software like Stellarium. It's very much evident from these observations that Dakshinayan ends on 21st or 22nd December and Uttarayana starts on the same day. Uttarayana does not start on the day when the Sun enters Nirayana Makar sign i.e. Makar Samkranti
The question is when should we observe the festival? The celebrations on this day includes consumption of sweets made of sesame and jaggery, wearing dark (preferably black) colored clothes, offering the nascent crops of carrots, berries to Gods. All these things are related to the Winter. Hence this festival should be celebrated in the middle of the Winter i.e. on the day of Winter Solstice i.e. 21st or 22nd December. Truly speaking, this festival is related to Uttarayana and better be observed when Uttarayana starts.
Vernal, Autumnal equinox, Winter and Summer solstice are four important points on the apparent path of Sun around the Earth. These points are not fixed with respect to the fixed stars. Every year they move against the direction of Nirayana Zodiac. Around 499 A.D. Sun used to be near Revati (ζ Piscium) star at the time of Vernal equinox, today it's near UttaraBhadrapada (γ Pegasi and α Andromedae) star. The same year, at the beginning of Uttarayana Sun must be at the start of Nirayana Makar sign. In the fifth century, the day of beginning of Uttarayana and the day when the Sun entered Nirayana Makar sign coincided. Marking the entry of the Sun into a sign was much easier than marking the end of movement of sunrise of point towards the South, since the later movement is slower than the Sun's movement and its accuracy is hampered by the refraction of Sun's rays in the Earth's atmosphere. So, the Pandits at that time would have chosen Makar Samkranti to mark the beginning of Uttarayana, since the error between these two events was tolerable at that time. The mathematics and the instruments too weren't that advanced to mark these events accurately. But now that we have computers for fixing positions of the planets upto 1000th part of degree accurately, we should not be following this 1500 years old erroneous tradition.
Other important factor to consider here, is after Makar Samkranti the Sun remains in signs ruled by Saturn for two consecutive months. The Sun who is the king amongst the planets, is significator of wealth, pleasures, youth, light, gold, where as the Saturn who is the servent amongst the planets, is significator of poverty, sorrow, old age, darkness, lead. Sun's dwelling in the signs governed by a planet so opposite in signification is not considered auspicious. How can then we celebrate the start of this period with a festival dedicated to it? This is the reason, Makar Samkranti is never considered fully auspicious. Celebrate Uttarayana on it's true beginning i.e. 21st or 22nd December and it becomes completely auspicious.
Other important factor to consider here, is after Makar Samkranti the Sun remains in signs ruled by Saturn for two consecutive months. The Sun who is the king amongst the planets, is significator of wealth, pleasures, youth, light, gold, where as the Saturn who is the servent amongst the planets, is significator of poverty, sorrow, old age, darkness, lead. Sun's dwelling in the signs governed by a planet so opposite in signification is not considered auspicious. How can then we celebrate the start of this period with a festival dedicated to it? This is the reason, Makar Samkranti is never considered fully auspicious. Celebrate Uttarayana on it's true beginning i.e. 21st or 22nd December and it becomes completely auspicious.
Well, even today Makar Samkranti falls during the Winter, but after a thousand years, it will fall in the heat of summer. Consuming jaggery and sesame and wearing dark clothes in the summer would have disastrous effects on our health and we wouldn't have nascent carrots and berries to offer to the Gods, in the heat of the summer.